![]() ![]() aureus isolates, including some belonging to a confirmed foodborne outbreak, its added value as the ultimate multiplexing method was demonstrated. We evaluated how whole genome sequencing (WGS) can offer a solution to these shortcomings. In addition to complete se gene profiling, relatedness between isolates is determined with more certainty using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, Staphylococcus protein A gene typing and other methods, but these are shown to lack resolution. Complete se profiling of isolates from different sources, i.e., food and human cases, is, however, important to provide an indication of their potential link within foodborne outbreak investigation. Polymerase chain reactions are, therefore, frequently used in complement to identify a bigger arsenal of SE at the gene level ( se) but are labor-intensive. Detection of staphylococcal food poisoning (SFP) is mostly performed using immunoassays, which, however, only detect five of 27 SEs described to date. Through staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) production, Staphylococcus aureus is a common cause of food poisoning. 6Department of Genetics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.5Organic Contaminants and Additives, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium. ![]() 4National Reference Laboratory for Foodborne Outbreaks (NRL-FBO) and for Coagulase Positive Staphylococci (NRL-CPS), Foodborne Pathogens, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium.3Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.2IDLab, Department of Information Technology, Ghent University - IMEC, Ghent, Belgium.1Transversal Activities in Applied Genomics, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium.Roosens 1, Kevin Vanneste 1 and Sigrid C. Stéphanie Nouws 1,2,3, Bert Bogaerts 1,2,3, Bavo Verhaegen 4, Sarah Denayer 4, Lasse Laeremans 5, Kathleen Marchal 2,3,6, Nancy H. ![]()
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